Durung
Definition & Context
Adverb
A word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.
A temporal adverb in Javanese Ngoko register meaning not yet, indicating that an expected action or state has “not yet” occurred or been fulfilled up to the present moment.
Synonyms & Variants
acan
Not yet in Banjar language
belum
The standard Indonesian equivalent and direct translation of `durung`.
dereng
Used in social contexts that require very polite and respectful language, such as to elders or community figures.
tah
An emphatic particle in several regional dialects often accompanying negative time markers.
isih
`Isih` means still in Javanese and is often used together with `durung` in the construction `isih durung` to emphasize an ongoing unfulfilled state.
Usage Notes or Etymology
Durung is a native Javanese word belonging to the Ngoko Lugu register, the most informal level of Javanese, used in everyday conversations among people of equal or close social standing. Etymologically, durung traces its roots to the Austronesian language family and functions as the direct equivalent of the standard Indonesian belum (not yet). Within the Javanese unggah-ungguh (speech level) hierarchy, its more polite counterpart is dereng, used in Krama Madya or Krama Inggil registers, and taksih dereng in highly formal or respectful contexts. The word is widely used across Central and East Java in both spoken conversation and popular Javanese literary works. Its use reflects the social closeness between speakers, and employing it toward elders or respected individuals without proper register adjustment is considered impolite within Javanese cultural norms.
Real-world Usage
Aku wis ngelih banget tapi segane durung mateng. (Aku sudah sangat lapar tapi nasinya belum matang.)
English Translation
Representative of real-world usage and contextual accuracy.
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