Formal Indonesian

“A supplementary document attached to a formal “agreement”, contract, or official text, containing complementary information, amendments, or clarifications to the main document without replacing it entirely.”

“An idea, concept, or position that constitutes the direct opposite or absolute contradiction of a given thesis. In formal contexts, it refers to a contrast used to highlight extreme differences through the opposition of mutually exclusive ideas.”

“Pertaining to or originating from beyond the atmosphere or physical boundaries of planet Earth. This term refers to any phenomena, celestial bodies, or hypothetical biological entities existing in outer space or other worlds outside the terrestrial system.”

“A green pigment found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, functioning as a solar light absorber to facilitate the process of photosynthesis. This substance is a crucial element in converting light energy into chemical energy to produce carbohydrates.”

“A word form created through the process of repeating all or part of a base word to create new grammatical or lexical meaning, such as plural forms, intensity, or collective meaning.”

“A physics concept stating that “space” and “time” are relative to the observer's frame of reference, as formulated by Albert Einstein through the theory of relativity.”

“Small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal that orbit the Sun, primarily located within the “asteroid belt” between Mars and Jupiter.”

““Bronchitis” is an “inflammation” of the bronchial tubes in the lungs that causes a phlegmy cough and breathing difficulties.”

“A branch of philosophy that investigates the fundamental nature of “being” and “reality”. In logical classification, it refers to a formal system defining categories, properties, and relationships between entities within a specific domain of knowledge.”

“Characterized by an assumption or conjecture that has not yet been empirically proven. This term refers to conditions or theoretical foundations proposed as provisional explanations that require further verification to establish their validity.”

“A surgical procedure to remove part or all of a limb or a specific body part. This procedure is performed as an emergency or planned medical step to prevent the spread of disease and save the patient's life.”

“A yellowish-brown bile pigment that is a “waste product” resulting from the breakdown of red blood cells by the liver.”

“Dominance or control exercised by one group, nation, or ideology over others through political, economic, or cultural power. “Hegemony” refers to “supremacy” or “dominating leadership” in power relations.”

“Monotransitive refers to a verb that requires only one direct “object” to form a complete sentence.”

“The process of deep and systematic thinking to evaluate past experiences, actions, or thoughts, with the aim of gaining new understanding or improvement in the future. In formal contexts, “reflection” refers to a structured introspective activity, such as in academic writing, professional evaluation, or personal development.”

“A phenomenon or process of binary branching occurring in a system, point, or structure, where a single path, entity, or condition divides into two distinct and separate trajectories. The term “bifurcation” is used technically in mathematics to describe qualitative changes in the behavior of dynamic systems, in biology to describe branching in anatomical structures such as blood vessels or bronchi, and in systems theory and physics to describe a critical point at which a system diverges into two distinct states.”

“A combination of two letters representing a single sound or phoneme within a spelling system. In standard Indonesian, there are four official digraphs, namely kh, ng, ny, and sy, each representing a distinct consonant sound whose function cannot be separated.”

“A chemical compound that inhibits or prevents oxidation processes within the body by neutralizing free radicals. This substance works by donating electrons to unstable molecules to protect living cells from oxidative damage that can trigger various chronic diseases.”

“Relating to or describing a condition in which pressure remains constant throughout a process. In thermodynamics, an “isobaric” process occurs when a system absorbs or releases heat energy without any change in pressure, allowing volume to change freely in accordance with the ideal gas law.”

“A measure of the reflectivity of a celestial body's surface, defined as the ratio of reflected electromagnetic radiation to the total incident radiation. It is typically expressed on a scale from 0 to 1 to quantify “reflectance”.”

“The variety of living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part. This includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems to maintain natural balance.”

“An astronomical phenomenon where two or more celestial bodies align on the same ecliptic longitude or have the same right ascension as observed from Earth. This event creates a visual illusion of celestial objects being close to each other in the sky.”

“A natural phenomenon involving a universal “attractive force” acting between all objects that possess mass.”

“The occurrence of an infectious disease that spreads rapidly across a large area and affects many victims. This phenomenon is characterized by an increase in the number of cases exceeding normal limits within a specific “population”.”