Formal Indonesian

“An optical aberration that occurs when light rays passing through the edge of a lens do not converge at the same focal point as rays passing through the center, causing a “blur”.”

“Describing a tendency to “obstruct”, hinder, or deliberately impede a process, policy, or decision; An adjective characterizing actions or attitudes that actively prevent progress. Common synonyms: blocking, hindering, impeding.”

“A system of organizational “governance” or administration executed by government officials based on hierarchy, procedures, and rigid rules.”

“A reasoning procedure that explores contradictions between thesis and antithesis to achieve a higher truth or synthesis. Broadly, it refers to the art of discourse or a logical method analyzing change through the conflict of opposing forces influencing the development of thought or social reality.”

“A scientific instrument or “measuring device” used to determine the “conductivity” or electrical resistance of a material.”

“A catastrophic explosive event of a massive “star” marking the end of its life cycle, resulting in the release of immense energy and the formation of heavy chemical elements in the universe.”

“The process or method of proving the truth, validity, or accuracy of something based on established standards, procedures, or data.”

“A linguistic term referring to a verb or clause that requires two “objects” to complete its meaning, specifically a direct object and an indirect object.”

“A concise summary containing the essence or primary ideas of a document, academic paper, or research study. This section serves to provide an “overview” of the objectives, methodologies, and final results without including profound technical details.”

“The body of a deceased human being, used specifically in the context of medicine, anatomy, and forensics as an object of study or medical examination. This term is the formal equivalent of the word “corpse” within scientific domains.”

“A substance, element, or factor that accelerates a chemical reaction or social process without undergoing permanent change itself. Figuratively, a “catalyst” refers to something or someone that triggers, drives, or accelerates change within a given system.”

“An “earnest effort” to establish laws or decide matters not explicitly addressed in the Quran by utilizing intellectual reasoning and canonical evidence.”

“Pertaining to “substance”, not merely form or appearance. Emphasizing what is “essential” or “fundamental”.”

“The outermost layer of the sun or a star that emits energy as “electromagnetic radiation” in the visible light spectrum, making it visually observable.”

“A medical procedure involving the removal of tissue or cell samples from a patient's body for microscopic examination to detect diseases or determine the presence of a “tumor”.”

“A procedural tactic in legislative sessions involving deliberately excessive prolonged speeches or debates to delay, obstruct, or prevent a vote on a bill or decision. The practitioner exploits unlimited speaking rights as a “procedural weapon” to exhaust opponents or stall proceedings until the session expires. (Synonyms: time-delaying speech, parliamentary obstruction tactic, legislative stalling maneuver)”

“The highest point or peak state reached by a celestial body when crossing the observer's meridian. Figuratively, it refers to the “pinnacle” of success, emotion, or the development of an event.”

“Of or relating to “allegory”, describing a mode of expression where deeper meanings are conveyed indirectly through characters, events, or narratives that symbolically represent abstract concepts beyond their literal meaning.”

“The angle of inclination between the “orbit” of a celestial body and a specific reference plane, or a person's mental tendency and preference toward something.”

“A localized collection of pus formed within a cavity of body tissue due to an infectious or inflammatory process. It is characterized by swelling containing exudate fluid and serves as a biological defense mechanism to isolate pathogenic material from spreading to surrounding areas.”

“A non-cash payment instrument in the form of a written order from a customer to a bank to transfer a specific amount of funds to a payee. “Bilyet” functions as a legally valid document in financial transactions subject to strict administrative procedures.”

“A “formal agreement” or “provision” established by an institution or group regarding the technical standards for report writing or standard operating procedures.”

“A mechanical system that utilizes power through incompressible liquid “fluids” to generate motion or force in heavy equipment and automotive components.”

“A cropping system involving the simultaneous cultivation of “multiple plant species” on the same plot of land.”