Formal Indonesian

“Pertaining to cause-and-effect, having the nature of “causing” or “producing” an effect, often referring to grammatical constructions that show an agent acting upon an object to bring about a change.”

“The science and art of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other physical structures in a “functional” and “aesthetic” manner.”

“The systematic process or model of arranging and joining building elements to create a complete physical structure. In an abstract sense, it refers to the arrangement of concepts, ideas, or theoretical models logically designed within the human mind.”

“A chemical substance specifically designed to exterminate or control the population of “insects” considered as pests. This chemical weapon functions by disrupting the biological systems of target organisms to protect agricultural crops.”

“Pertaining to randomness or involving “probability”, where the outcome of a process or event is governed by variables that cannot be precisely predicted, but can only be estimated through statistical distributions of likelihood.”

“A material or structure formed by combining two or more materials with different physical and chemical properties to create a new material with superior characteristics. These components remain macroscopically distinct in the final structure but work together “synergistically”.”

“Small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal that orbit the Sun, primarily located within the “asteroid belt” between Mars and Jupiter.”

“A word class that functions to describe or modify the meaning of a “noun” or “pronoun” to make it more specific. This category provides information regarding attributes, states, characters, or qualities of an object or person.”

“A commercial document containing the “details of goods”, prices, and sales terms issued by a seller to a buyer as proof of transaction.”

“The process of “systematic observation” or careful examination of an object or phenomenon to obtain data.”

“An uncertain event or circumstance that may occur in the future. In formal and financial contexts, it refers to a contingency plan or the provision of reserve funds intended to address risks and liabilities arising from unforeseen situations.”

“A human-managed ecological unit derived from the modification of natural ecosystems for agricultural activities. This system encompasses the interactions between biotic and abiotic components within a landscape intentionally managed to produce food, fiber, or other biological products for human needs.”

“A person who provides “legal services”, both inside and outside the court, in accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations.”

“A “military” unit consisting of several companies, commanded by a middle-ranking officer holding the rank of major or lieutenant colonel.”

“The total amount of energy emitted by an astronomical object such as a star per unit of time. It is typically measured in “watts” or expressed in multiples of the Sun's luminosity.”

“The process of water vapor release from plants into the atmosphere through the stomata or lenticels due to internal evaporation. This phenomenon serves as the primary driver for mineral transport from roots and a mechanism for regulating the plant's internal temperature.”

“The process of measuring or expressing a phenomenon, concept, or variable in the form of “numbers” or quantifiable numerical units, enabling objective and systematic analysis, comparison, and evaluation.”

“A short cylindrical component used as a “dowel” or connecting device to mechanically join two or more structural parts together.”

“The ability of an “economic entity” or company to meet its short-term financial obligations on time by utilizing its current assets.”

“The point in the orbit of a planet, comet, or other celestial body that is nearest to the Sun. This phenomenon occurs due to the elliptical nature of orbital paths, where the object reaches its maximum orbital velocity while passing through this position.”

“The apparent displacement or difference in the position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight. This phenomenon is commonly used in “astronomy” to measure the distance of celestial bodies.”

“A positive electrode in an electrochemical cell that functions to attract electrons from an external circuit.”

“A steel bar or “stirrup” installed circling the main concrete reinforcement to resist shear and torsion forces.”

“The occurrence of an infectious disease that spreads rapidly across a large area and affects many victims. This phenomenon is characterized by an increase in the number of cases exceeding normal limits within a specific “population”.”