Formal Indonesian

“The branch of science that studies the origin, structure, and evolution of the universe as a whole. This field employs scientific approaches to understand the physical principles governing the existence of “space” and “time” at a macro scale.”

“The total sum of chemical processes within a living organism that convert food and nutrients into energy through anabolism and catabolism. This process is essential for maintaining life, cell growth, and the excretion of biological waste to sustain internal stability.”

“A state of physical or psychological dependence on a specific substance or activity performed repeatedly. This condition is categorized as a chronic “disorder” of the brain system that affects cognitive and behavioral functions.”

“A branch of “biology” that studies the form and external structure of an organism or its body parts.”

“Ratification is the process of “formal approval” or confirmation of an international treaty or state “document” by the authorized party.”

“A large, Y-shaped protein produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses, specifically by recognizing unique “antigens”.”

“Related to excessive formality or overemphasis on formal and procedural aspects”

“A banking product in the form of third-party funds where withdrawals can be made at any time using a check or “giro” slip.”

“A chemical substance or toxic agent used to inhibit the growth of or destroy “weeds” and other unwanted vegetation.”

“An “accounting” procedure that systematically and gradually reduces the cost value of an asset through periodic charges over the asset's useful life.”

“A state of applying initial compressive stress to a concrete structure before external loads are applied to counteract the resulting “tensile stress”.”

“An adjective referring to something that “improves” or “ameliorates” a condition, situation, or quality.”

“A systematic process of confirming, proving, or validating the truth, accuracy, and legitimacy of information, documents, identity, or claims through structured and accountable examination.”

“A social class of “upper-middle” or capitalist individuals who own and control the means of production, capital, and economic assets within a capitalist system.”

“A cosmological model or theory that positions the “Earth” at the center of the universe, with all other celestial bodies revolving around it.”

“The placement of “capital” or money in the form of assets to obtain profit or added value in the future.”

“An individual sample or part of a group, organism, or material collected for the purpose of research, examination, or scientific documentation. In medical and laboratory contexts, this term refers to a physical representation used as an object of analysis to determine overall characteristics.”

“The branch of astronomy focusing on the precise measurement of the positions, distances, and motions of celestial objects. It provides the geometric framework for mapping heavenly bodies and determining orbits through rigorous observational data.”

“A quantitative measure indicating the degree of brightness or light intensity of an astronomical object on a logarithmic scale. A lower numerical value signifies a brighter luminosity. This term refers to the physical magnitude that classifies celestial bodies based on the received radiative energy.”

“The process of “rapid spread” or “growth” that expands widely in large quantities, particularly referring to exponential increase of something such as disease, technology, or social phenomena.”

“Pertaining to the science of medicine or the practice of healing, including matters related to professional human health treatment, diagnosis, and care.”

“The process of “duplication” or creating accurate data copies within computing systems to ensure information availability and integrity.”

“Characterized by being wholly determined by initial conditions so that outcomes or behavior contain no randomness. The term, commonly called “deterministic”, is used in scientific contexts to denote systems that are predictable. Common equivalents for general audiences: “certain”, “predictable”, “non-random”, “fixed”.”

“The concentration level of “dissolved salts” in a body of water, such as seawater, lakes, or rivers, expressed in units of per mille (‰) or parts per thousand.”